Layer 1 (L1)

Smart contract platforms are usually blockchains that host smart contracts or decentralized applications. Users can interact with different smart contracts on these platforms to perform various actions such as lending and borrowing funds, staking their assets or minting NFTs.

Smart contracts are programs that are stored on the blockchain and are automatically executed when certain conditions are met. To interact with these smart contracts, transaction fees may need to be paid and the amount and asset required will vary based on the platform’s architecture. Usually, the smart contract platform’s native token is used to pay for transaction fees. Some popular examples of smart contract platforms include Ethereum, Solana and Polygon.

Smart Contract Platform

BNB Chain is an alternative blockchain that is similar to Ethereum, capable of hosting smart contracts and decentralized applications. It was launched by Binance in September 2020 as the Binance Smart Chain, and relaunched in Feburary 2022 as BNB Chain. BNB uses the Proof-of-Staked-Authority model which has allowed for low transaction fees and higher throughput. 

Compared to Ethereum which would usually cost hundreds to make a few transactions, BNB only charges less than a few dollars. BNB supports the BEP-20 token format, which is essentially the same format as ERC-20 but on a different chain, and transaction fees are paid in Binance’s native exchange token, BNB.

BNB Chain Ecosystem

Stablecoins

These tokens are normally associated with both centralized and decentralized exchanges and have different purposes. For centralized exchanges, these tokens usually serve to lower trading fees for users. Traders get to enjoy discounted rates when they hold a certain amount of these tokens and even unlock special benefits such as free withdrawals and airdrops. On the other hand, these tokens also function as a governance token for decentralized exchanges. Users can vote on proposals to shape the direction of the protocol based on the number of tokens held. They can also be staked to accrue trading fees.

Exchange-based Tokens

These utility tokens are issued by a centralized exchange and can be used for a variety of purposes. Although holders are not able to exercise governance, they still carry many other benefits. Based on the amount of tokens held, users on the exchange get to enjoy discounted trading fees. Additionally, stakers can gain access to exclusive token sales on the exchange, where their allocation is also determined based on the number of exchange tokens staked.

Centralized Exchange (CEX)

Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

Meme coins derive their relevance from memes, thriving on hype and picking up momentum as the community grows.

Meme

Non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, are collectible elements within the Ethereum blockchain that usually follow the ERC-721 or ERC-1155 standard. They represent something unique and therefore are not mutually interchangeable. In other words, no non-fungible token is the same. NFTs take advantage of innovative smart contract technology to store and record unique information on the blockchain, which means that whenever an NFT is created, only one of it verifiably exists. NFT creators can also encrypt details such as rich metadata or secure file links allowing people to create all sorts of digital assets which are verifiable such as videos and songs. With NFTs, one can digitally certify that an asset is authentic.

Governance tokens are used to determine the direction or decisions taken by a protocol. A protocol’s team or even its community members can create proposals to introduce new features or even change the terms of governance itself. Once a proposal has been discussed and further fleshed out, token holders can vote on the decision to be made. The weight of your votes is determined based on the number of governance tokens held. 

Governance

Layer 2 (L2)

Zero-knowledge proof or Zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that a given statement is true while the prover avoids conveying any additional information apart from the fact that the statement is indeed true.

This category tracks cryptocurrency that utilises Zero Knowledge implementation to execute transactions, which may include smart contract execution, value transfer, and others.

Zero Knowledge (ZK)

Liquid Staking Tokens

Decentralized exchanges, or DEXs, allow users to trade with one another in a permissionless manner and without any intermediaries. As long as someone provides liquidity, anyone can purchase and sell that token on the exchange. Besides its use case in dictating governance decisions, DEX tokens usually seek to capture value for the holders by diverting some of the transaction fees to stakers. 

Decentralized Exchange (DEX)

In Ethereum 2.0, the consensus algorithm is transitioned from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, allowing users to stake their Ether and validate transactions in exchange for staking rewards. When you participate in ETH 2.0 staking solutions, you will usually receive a token which represents your staked assets but are also liquid and can be used in other protocols. Here, you can find different tokens which represent staked Ether from various protocols.

Eth 2.0 Staking

Gaming (GameFi)

Yield farming is the act of staking or lending your assets in yield-farming protocols to earn a reward, usually in the form of the protocol’s governance token. For decentralized exchanges, yield farmers usually provide a pair of assets as liquidity for the exchange. They will then receive LP tokens, which represent their share of the liquidity pool and these can then be staked to yield-farm the exchange’s native token. Some protocols also offer single-sided staking, where only one particular asset is required to begin yield farming.

Yield Farming

The metaverse refers to a digital world where participants can interact with each other in a shared virtual reality.

Metaverse

Automated market makers (AMMs) are a mechanism used by most decentralized exchanges to facilitate permissionless trading. AMMs make use of liquidity pools containing 2 or more assets, and prices are derived based on the proportion of each asset in that pool as well as the mathematical function used. Orders through an AMM are executed automatically via a smart contract that will calculate the trade prices algorithmically, including any slippage from the trade execution.

Automated Market Maker (AMM)

Play to Earn games are built on the blockchain, giving players full control over their gaming accounts and related assets, which they can sell on exchanges or secondary marketplaces.

Play To Earn

Privacy coins are cryptocurrencies which allow users to conduct transactions privately and anonymously. This ensures the identity of the parties involved are kept private, and ensures the transactions are untraceable.This is done by hiding the origin and destination of transactions. In some cases, multiple transactions are mixed together in order to make onchain analysis tougher. 

Privacy Coins

Storage protocols allow users to store their data on the blockchain network in a decentralized manner. This negates the need for a centralized storage host such as Amazon, OneDrive, DropBox, and others. This removes the issue of a single point of failure. Decentralized servers make use of independent nodes which in turn use spare storage space on computers. Users are able to rent out their spare storage on  In exchange for storage space, users are able to use a storage protocol’s token to pay for the service.

Storage

Oracles are used by protocols in their smart contracts in order to obtain external data. This allows the closed-off blockchain environment to communicate with data points on the outside world. For example, a protocol offering synthetic Nasdaq-listed stock on the blockchain will need to pull external data from the stock market. With an oracle, the protocol will be able to do so. 

Oracle

Wrapped tokens offer a way to circumvent the lack of interoperability between different blockchains. The wrapping of a token happens when the original asset is put into a “wrapper” and deployed on a different blockchain. With it being wrapped, the cryptocurrency can now be used on a blockchain where it previously wasn’t available. One example of a wrapped token would be Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC). It is an ERC-20 version of Bitcoin, which allows it to be used on protocols based on Ethereum. Watch this video to learn more about Wrapped tokens.

Wrapped-Tokens

Finance / Banking

Liquid Staking Governance Tokens

Asset-backed Tokens

Lending/borrowing protocols allow users to offer crypto loans by staking their assets in them without the need for a bank account. In return for lending their assets, users are given rewards, usually in the form of the protocol’s native token. These products can be split between centralized and decentralized services. Centralized protocols require customers to undergo a Know-Your-Customer (KYC) process, while decentralized ones merely require users to have a compatible web3 wallet.

Lending/Borrowing

The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem consists of interconnected computing devices, with the ability to transfer data over a network without the need for any human interaction. Cryptocurrencies in the IoT ecosystem are designed to facilitate the exchange of data and payment information with other IoT devices.

Internet of Things (IOT)

Derivatives are contracts whose values are derived from other underlying assets such as stocks, commodities, currencies, indexes, bonds, or interest rates. Each type of derivative, whether futures, options or swaps serves a different purpose, and each investor buys or sells them for various reasons. Some of the reasons investors trade derivatives are to hedge themself against the volatility of the underlying asset, speculate on the directional movement of the underlying asset, or leverage their holdings. Derivatives are extremely risky, and one must be equipped with strong financial knowledge and strategies when trading them.


Derivatives

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tokens are cryptocurrencies that power AI-related projects, such as AI-powered portfolio management, image generation, path finding, and more. 

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

These projects have introduced a new way for sports teams to engage with their fans and has made it easier for ordinary sports fans to show their support to their favorite teams and players. 
With Fan Tokens, fans have the power to influence their favourite sports teams in minor decisions and enter an exclusive club of like-minded supporters and VIP benefits. Sports NFTs have also allowed fans to access a smoother and more permanent form of collectible.


Sports

Seigniorage

Perpetuals

Masternodes are needed to verify new blocks in certain cryptocurrencies. However, unlike other nodes, they do not add new blocks to the network. In order to maintain a masternode, one would need to hold a certain amount of the protocol’s cryptocurrency, and it’s usually a significant amount. In return for operating a masternode, the operator is rewarded with the native currency.

Masternodes

These projects provide advanced insights and charting tools to track historical token prices, real-time trades and volume. Other more advanced features include impermanent loss calculation and data querying. Some of these projects may require you to hold a certain number of tokens to access the full version of their product suite.

Analytics

Olympus Pro aims to help protocols acquire their own liquidity, and to also lock the liquidity within the protocol. Instead of staking liquidity provider (LP) tokens in exchange for governance tokens, users will now be able to use their LP tokens to purchase the governance tokens at a discount. The protocol will not sell these LP tokens, and this means the liquidity is locked. This is known as a process called bonding.

Olympus Pro

Yield aggregators are protocols that collate multiple yield farms in a single place in order to ease the process of farming. With many new farms popping up on the market, it can be tedious for one to hop from farm to farm. However, with yield aggregators, that isn’t necessary as it’s done automatically in order to maximize the yield generated for users.

Yield Aggregator

Synthetic Issuer

Tokenized Gold

Wallets

Insurance

The Yearn Ecosystem is a suite of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) products under the yearn umbrella. These projects range from lending and borrowing protocols such as CREAM, to automated market makers (AMM) like Sushi. 

Any changes that are to be implemented in the Yearn Ecosystem are decided by the DAO, consisting of holders of the Yearn Finance (YFI) token. 


Yearn Ecosystem

Metagovernance refers to projects or protocols that primarily hold DAO tokens and actively participates in the governance process of those DAOs.

Metagovernance

NFT Marketplace

MEV Protection

Options

Rebase tokens are cryptocurrencies that are usually pegged to a certain value, and they control their prices by algorithmically adjusting their token’s circulating supply.  

Rebase Tokens

Prediction Markets

Move To Earn

Cryptocurrency projects that are related to music is aimed at disrupting the record publishing industry. The goal is to simplify the process of tracking, collecting, and distributing song royalties to musicians in a decentralized manner. Fans are also able to directly support their favorite artists directly without going through an intermediary.

Music

Fan tokens let sporting organizations and other celebrities engage with their communities, where holders can access exclusive benefits.

Fan Token

Guilds are decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) that invests in NFTs like game assets and rent them out to players. Players who receive rented game items are known as scholars and can be said to receive a scholarship. Guilds are an important component in the play to earn (p2e) ecosystem as these games require an upfront investment capital for players to participate in. Axie Infinity brought the popular model of play to earn and guilds which is not mainstay in the entire blockchain industry.

Guild and Scholarship

Gambling

Environment

Synths

Tourism

Social Money

DeFi Index

Ohm Fork

Kommunitas Launchpad

JPY Stablecoin

TRY Stablecoin

IDR Stablecoin

Farming-as-a-Service (FaaS)

Optimism Ecosystem

Aptos Ecosystem

Canto Ecosystem

MultiversX Ecosystem

Internet Computer Ecosystem

Velas Ecosystem

Metis Ecosystem

Arbitrum Nova Ecosystem

Cronos Ecosystem

Algorand Ecosystem

XDC Ecosystem

Ethereum Ecosystem

Tezos Ecosystem

OEC Ecosystem

Formerly the xDai Chain, The Gnosis chain is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum but uses a different consensus algorithm - Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Stake DAO (POSDAO). It is designed to be more efficient than Ethereum, with higher transaction throughput (70 transactions/second) and has a much lower transaction fee.

Gnosis Chain Ecosystem

Cardano Ecosystem

KardiaChain Ecosystem

IoTeX Ecosystem

Polkadot is a blockchain protocol designed to support multiple purpose-built blockchains under one unified network. Polkadot’s infrastructure begins with the relay chain, which acts as the central chain. Each chain that runs on Polkadot is called a parachain as they run parallel to the main relay chain, and is built on top of the relay chain. Besides parachains, projects can participate in the Polkadot ecosystem for a shorter fixed period of time through parathreads. Blockchains built on top of Polkadot’s own relay chain are also interoperable with blockchains that have vastly different technology stacks such as Ethereum and Bitcoin through bridges.

Polkadot Ecosystem

Moonriver Ecosystem

DaoMaker Ecosystem

Arbitrum Ecosystem

Celo Ecosystem

Step Network Ecosystem

NEAR is a sharded, developer-friendly, proof-of-stake public blockchain. It is designed to compete with Ethereum by providing a similar experience with decentralized applications and smart contracts, but with lower fees and higher throughput. The blockchain’s native token, NEAR, is used to pay for transactions and storing data on the blockchain. Smart contract developers receive a portion of the transaction fees generated by their contracts, while the remainder is burnt. This creates deflationary pressure on NEAR, making it more valuable as more transactions are performed.

Near Protocol Ecosystem

FANTOM is a new DAG-based smart contract platform that intends to solve the scalability issues of existing public distributed ledger technologies.
The platform intends to distinguish itself from the traditional block ledger-based storage infrastructure by attempting to employ an improved version of existing DAG-based protocols. Fantom adopts a new protocol known as the “Lachesis Protocol” to maintain consensus. This protocol is intended to be integrated into the Fantom Opera Chain. The aim is to allow applications built on Fantom to enjoy instant transactions and near zero transaction costs for all users.


Fantom Ecosystem

HECO Chain Ecosystem

Zilliqa Ecosystem

Polygon, formerly known as Matic, was originally meant to be a Layer-2 scaling solution for Ethereum to improve transaction throughput and speed. However, it has since become more popular as a stand-alone blockchain, with its own native projects and decentralized applications. Major DeFi protocols such as Aave and Curve have also found second homes on Polygon. Unlike Ethereum, Polygon operates on Proof-of-Stake (PoS) in which network participants can stake the network’s native MATIC tokens to validate transactions and participate in voting and other governance decisions. Polygon also hosts its own bridge that allows users to transfer assets from Ethereum to Polygon and vice versa.

Polygon Ecosystem

Terra is a blockchain network that builds on the Tendermint consensus (Proof-of-Stake) and the Cosmos SDK toolkit. Terra’s network token is LUNA which powers the entire ecosystem. Unlike most blockchains, Terra’s ecosystem includes a native algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD (UST). A decentralized network with its own decentralized currency is a very attractive thesis for both users and developers. More dApps are being built on Terra, especially DeFi protocols which are now commonly known as TeFi.

Terra Ecosystem

Avalanche is a smart contract platform that allows users to create their own multi-purpose blockchains or decentralized applications (dApps). Their mainnet was launched in September 2020 and has since become a major hub of activity for DeFi and NFTs. In 2021, they announced their Avalanche Rush incentives program to introduce more applications and to promote further growth of their ecosystem. The Avalanche chain is centered around 3 main blockchains - the P-Chain, X-Chain and C-Chain. The C-Chain is Avalanche’s EVM implementation, which hosts various applications and smart contracts. Users can access Avalanche through centralized exchanges, the official Avalanche bridge or via Celer’s cBridge.

Avalanche Ecosystem

Solana is a general purpose blockchain similar to Ethereum. The underlying architecture is different, such that developers have to write applications using Rust instead of Solidity or Vyper. However, this may soon change with the introduction of the Neon EVM solution on Solana. End user applications as of now include decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFT), marketplaces, games, and more. One of its biggest features is its scalability in which Solana is able to process over 700,000 transactions per second. Its high throughput capability appeals to high frequency traders, which is spearheaded by FTX and Alameda Research. The first use case for DeFi applications on Solana is Serum, built by the team behind FTX.

Solana Ecosystem

Cosmos focuses on blockchain interoperability, working towards the vision of building the “Internet of Blockchains.”

Cosmos Ecosystem

Harmony is a blockchain platform that is designed to act as a bridge between scalability and interoperability. Its focus is on processing speed and validation of blocks. It can be used to create decentralized applications (DApps), and is currently focused on random state sharding. This will then allow the creation of blocks within seconds.

#	Category	Market Cap	24h Volume
1	Layer 1 (L1)	$865,990,588,388	$16,147,257,009
2	Smart Contract Platform	$356,700,073,143	$9,841,709,534
3	BNB Chain Ecosystem	$249,694,205,940	$28,456,292,335
4	Stablecoins	$132,862,906,975	$21,469,293,982
5	Exchange-based Tokens	$73,487,486,540	$952,806,189
6	Centralized Exchange (CEX)	$62,522,968,979	$452,506,898
7	Decentralized Finance (DeFi)	$50,883,739,542	$1,856,360,674
8	Meme	$19,790,922,072	$1,765,470,001
9	NFT	$16,996,530,727	$1,093,823,043
10	Governance	$16,062,437,493	$805,175,371
11	Layer 2 (L2)	$14,351,642,410	$979,097,629
12	Zero Knowledge (ZK)	$13,925,208,088	$391,739,993
13	Liquid Staking Tokens	$12,131,020,740	$35,480,571
14	Decentralized Exchange (DEX)	$11,745,887,359	$795,585,700
15	Eth 2.0 Staking	$11,123,462,227	$414,330,814
16	Gaming (GameFi)	$10,844,307,264	$835,884,184
17	Yield Farming	$10,751,569,109	$477,261,722
18	Metaverse	$8,153,847,230	$475,139,354
19	Automated Market Maker (AMM)	$8,065,049,252	$275,766,969
20	Play To Earn	$6,995,002,865	$521,014,445
21	Privacy Coins	$6,534,181,501	$385,314,494
22	Storage	$5,467,778,037	$366,462,419
23	Oracle	$4,951,607,034	$217,294,840
24	Wrapped-Tokens	$4,367,886,247	$779,042,859
25	Finance / Banking	$4,233,146,273	$981,751,818
26	Liquid Staking Governance Tokens	$4,156,684,745	$459,629,032
27	Asset-backed Tokens	$3,579,938,352	$56,308,189
28	Lending/Borrowing	$3,394,658,275	$160,562,745
29	Internet of Things (IOT)	$3,394,130,637	$241,961,643
30	Derivatives	$3,181,180,292	$151,448,649
31	Artificial Intelligence (AI)	$2,534,011,113	$169,171,258
32	Sports	$1,999,185,181	$106,342,417
33	Seigniorage	$1,922,895,556	$27,202,454
34	Perpetuals	$1,836,974,930	$94,196,827
35	Masternodes	$1,572,121,374	$68,487,333
36	Analytics	$1,467,043,594	$48,533,817
37	Olympus Pro	$1,306,912,549	$100,027,868
38	Yield Aggregator	$1,151,948,619	$45,984,734
39	Synthetic Issuer	$1,109,084,150	$55,746,262
40	Tokenized Gold	$996,851,670	$12,236,378
41	Wallets	$884,153,216	$56,346,093
42	Insurance	$664,185,897	$7,232,165
43	Yearn Ecosystem	$630,504,279	$50,507,790
44	Metagovernance	$531,579,090	$4,207,149
45	NFT Marketplace	$487,426,600	$87,832,036
46	MEV Protection	$487,403,118	$5,868,630
47	Options	$473,809,163	$2,455,979
48	Rebase Tokens	$458,121,423	$1,779,220
49	Prediction Markets	$443,834,984	$7,257,787
50	Move To Earn	$350,061,783	$48,707,235
51	Music	$347,160,978	$12,758,650
52	Fan Token	$281,498,690	$35,122,759
53	Guild and Scholarship	$195,334,933	$15,668,433
54	Gambling	$186,848,263	$5,631,683
55	Environment	$184,145,810	$1,639,385
56	Synths	$93,536,992	$2,710,122
57	Tourism	$86,846,631	$2,177,670
58	Social Money	$84,270,827	$2,967,299
59	DeFi Index	$70,865,457	$705,975
60	Ohm Fork	$70,493,523	$35,314
61	Kommunitas Launchpad	$45,811,452	$5,222,118
62	JPY Stablecoin	$17,473,991	$42,371
63	TRY Stablecoin	$16,263,086	$79,312
64	IDR Stablecoin	$14,548,550	$642,233
65	Farming-as-a-Service (FaaS)	$9,457,144	$66,013
66	Optimism Ecosystem
67	Aptos Ecosystem
68	Canto Ecosystem
69	MultiversX Ecosystem
70	Internet Computer Ecosystem
71	Velas Ecosystem
72	Metis Ecosystem
73	Arbitrum Nova Ecosystem
74	Cronos Ecosystem
75	Algorand Ecosystem
76	XDC Ecosystem
77	Ethereum Ecosystem
78	Tezos Ecosystem
79	OEC Ecosystem
80	Gnosis Chain Ecosystem
81	Cardano Ecosystem
82	KardiaChain Ecosystem
83	IoTeX Ecosystem
84	Polkadot Ecosystem
85	Moonriver Ecosystem
86	DaoMaker Ecosystem
87	Arbitrum Ecosystem
88	Celo Ecosystem
89	Step Network Ecosystem
90	Near Protocol Ecosystem
91	Fantom Ecosystem
92	HECO Chain Ecosystem
93	Zilliqa Ecosystem
94	Polygon Ecosystem
95	Terra Ecosystem
96	Avalanche Ecosystem
97	Solana Ecosystem
98	Cosmos Ecosystem
99	Harmony Ecosystem
100	Yearn Vault Tokens	0	$19,574
101	Aave Tokens	0	$3,560,954

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